Preliminary Exercise - Evaluation

Evaluation

 Preliminary Exercise: Continuity task involving filming and editing a character opening a door, crossing a room and sitting down opposite another character, with whom he/she then exchanges a couple of lines of dialogue. This task should demonstrate match on action, shot/reverse shot, and the 180-degree rule.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Who did you work with and how did you manage the task between you?

I worked with Michael Cassidy and Eoin Brogan. There were only three of us, so we managed the task to ensure that each person contributes to a third of the task and that we achieve maximum efficiency in one hour.

For the planning we gathered in our spare time, and each individually contributed to making the video what it is now.

For the filming I acted in the first scene as the 'bully's friend', I then filmed the majority of the rest of the task. Michael took part in the filming of the first scene, he then acted as the 'nerd' for the rest of the film. Eoin played the role of the main actor, 'the bully' and he was shown in all scenes.



The editing was lead by Eoin Brogan, with myself and Michael Cassidy contributing towards what is chosen and different ways of editing the outcome, e.g. the volume change between the shot where Eoin says, 'so you gonna do my howework as well then?', and when he repeats himself and stands up to the nerd.



2. How did you plan your sequence? What processes did you use? What theories did you try to take into account?

We used three key documents in order to ensure that our film was as good as possible, and the shooting was as efficient as possible:

• Storyboard
• Shooting Schedule
• Script.  

The storyboard was used to visualize the scenes and find potential problems before they occured.

SB1 Rotated

The shooting schedule was important for efficiency, one problem was that our group and another group wanted to shoot in the hall leading to the classrooms, therefore we had to plan to ensure that we didn't shoot at the same place, at the same time. We also  had some scenes almost overlapping, so we put them together in the schedule.

SS Rotated

The script was used to plan what is said by each actor and make sure it makes sense and portrays their character type, e.g. the bully needs to sound tough.

The Bully Script

We ensured that continuity was taken into account when producing our film sequence. We used shot order to make sure that our shots made sense and flowed well. We used the 180 degree rule to not confuse the audience and to also make sure the sequence appeared to make sense. We used the eyeline match for the point of view shots and the shots where you cannot see both actors. Match on action was used when Eoin grabbed the door to open it and when Eoin grabbed the chair, it was used to make it seem smooth. Shot/reverse/shot was also used in the conversation to maximum effect.

We took the following theorists into account when planning/filming our sequence:

• Tzvetan Todorov
• Claude Levi-Strauss
• Roland Barthes

Tzvetan Todorov's theory is the theory that entailed an equilibrium -> disruption -> journey eliminating this disruption -> equilibrium. We began with a friendly metting between the bully and his friend, this shows a certain aspect of balance. The bully then attacks the Nerd, the Nerd attempts to defend himself, and he is then held on the cupboard by the bully. A return to equilibrium is not clear, however you could see the nerd defeating the bully after this sequence.

Levi-Strauss looked at narrative structure in terms of binary opposites:

• Earth vs. Space
• Good vs. Evil
• Humans vs. Aliens, etc...

We attempted to use a few binary opposites in our film sequence, however it's difficult to apply binary opposites in a short sequence. Binary opposites are sets of opposite values which reveal the structure of media texts, for example the rough attitude of the bully vs. the weak attitude of the nerd.

Roland Barthes created a theory involving 5 codes:

• Enigma Code - Elements of a film which are a mystery at first, however are slowly revealed as the film progresses
• Action Code - This applies to any action that implies a further narrative, it is closely related to the text's narrative structure
• Semiotic Code - Mainly to do with 'connotation'
• Cultural Code - The points at which the text refers to common bodies of knowledge
• Symbolic Code - It exists to explain the complexities of an element of the text

Again, we attempted to apply this theory to a certain extent. We use Enigma Code in the question as to what the bully is doing in this building. Cultural Code is the fact that the bully's friend(me) has his hoodie up indoors; this is a common cultural tradition associated with rough teenagers. We instantly notice the homework on the table and associate it with wisdom, or perhaps a nerd. This is semiotic code.


3. What technology did you use to complete the task, and how did you use it?

We used the following equipment in the process of creating the final film sequence:

• Video Camera
• Shotgun Microphone
• Clapperboard
• Adobe Premiere (editing software)

We used a microphone which was placed on top of the camera. It had three settings which varied the amount of backround sound included in the recording. For the first scene, we used setting two; which was a fairly natural sound, and for the rest of the film, we used the shotgun setting which is used for conversation and specific narrative.


The clapperboard was used to keep track of our scenes/takes, and to make sure we had covered everything. It was also useful before we filmed as we could clap the board to indicate the start of a capture.

We used a tripod to keep the camcorder still and to make smooth camera movements. It was also used to help with the eyeline matches.



Adobe Premiere was our editing software. This was completely new to me as I just started media this year. I found it quite straightforward and very detailed, as I have used a simple editing programme in the past.

4. What factors did you have to take into account when planning, shooting and editing?

We were assigned just 1 hour to plan, 1 hour to film, and 1 hour to edit; all in all totalling to 3 hours, therefore time was a huge issue. We had to be as efficient as possible, and plan effectively. We planned quickly and effectively. We drew quick stick figure pictures for the storyboard, and drew out a rough script/shooting schedule. For the filming we took as little takes as possible, as long as the take was decent, for example we only took two takes in certain shots, e.g. the opening of the door.

We had to make sure that the hall leading to the main room was free so that no-one got into our shot and we didn't clash with group 1E who also wanted the hall. Another problem was that we were in a school so people often walked past the door that we enter through, however it is important to show that we are in a school, so any people walking past could be a benefit, as long as they wouldn't make a fool of themselves, e.g. waving to the camera.

We also needed to take into account the sound produced within our film sequence, and around it. Therefore we had to choose appropriate mic settings so that you could hear that we are in a school, but also so that the attention is focused on the actors and not the backround sound.

We also had to make use of the space we were assigned, which was one room and anything leading to it. It would be difficult to get permission to use other areas of the school and to use them effectively.


5. How successful was your sequence? Please identify what worked well and with hindsight, what would you improve/do differently?

I believe that our film was extremely successful, fairly unique and greatly produced.

A great part of the film was the narrative flow between shots, for example the match-on-action in the CU was perfect when Eoin grabbed the door (0:21). This made our film great and viewers often notice small problems which could affect their experience, therefore this made our sequence better.

Most groups used the match-on-action in the grabbing of the door, however I love the use of the return to the door when it closes at (0:24). This is very unique and looks great in our sequence.

The choppy cuts at the end of the film are interesting and exciting. They build up pace and make the ending very dramatic. The finishing shot leaves us on a slight cliffhanger and is created perfectly.

There weren't any major problems with our film sequence, however a couple of minor hitches were noticed after the sequence was edited/published.

A slight problem was perhaps in the MS when the bully grabs the chair. The fluidity between shots is slightly off, and this could provoke confusion or annoyance from the audience. (0:29)

The camera is a bit wobbly at (0:28) when I arc the camera and follow Eoin. This is quite annoying, but time was limited and this was a hard shot. Nevertheless, it is a problem as it distracts the audience.

Overall I am happy with the end result and I will ensure that in the future I will apply the knowledge I have gained to my media coursework.


6. What have you learnt from completing this task? Looking ahead, how will this learning be significant when completing the rest of your foundation coursework, do you think?

This is my first year doing Media, therefore I have learnt a lot in a short space of time. This task progressed my camera skills and the process of keeping shots fluid. It taught me that you don't need to be elaborate and exciting to make a good film sequence, simplicity and originality is much more important. I learnt a lot relating editing and how to cut takes, and blend sound accross shots. I developed my knowledge of continuity theories and how to keep the 180 degree rule. In the future I will remember what I've learnt and further improve on my undestanding of Media Studies.

Applying Barthes 5 codes to film

James Bond: Casino Royale - Opening Sequence

Enigma Code: Who is this mysterious old man? What is he doing? Is he good/bad? Why is James Bond at a cricket ground? Why does he kill the asian man at the cricket ground? Why James Bond at Prague, in this particular office?

Action Code: The old man draws his gun, this creates tension as the audience is unclear as to what the outcome will be...will the old man kill Bond? How will Bond defeat him? Eventually he attempts to shoot Bond, however Bond has cunningly removed his elder foe's ammo, making it impossible to shoot Bond.

Semiotic Code: Gun = Anger/Purpose/Power/Evil, Darkness = Evil/Mystery/Action, Black and White = Flashback/Mystery, Toilet(in this context) = Isolation/Freedom.

Cultural Code: Cricket is the most appreciated sport in the middle east. Suits are a common attire of the upper class or people with something to hide, e.g. spies.

Symbolic Code: This is similar to semiotic code, the gun symbolises power/evil and adds tension to the scence. The Dark Lighting, and Black and White picture symbolizes mystery. The choice of the toilet for the fight in Pakistan, symbolises isolation and freedom.

Applying principles of continuity into film

Never Back Down
Never Back Down (up to 07:00)

The first specific continuity application is when Jake Tyler (the 'protagonist') grabs his rival's helmet; we see match on action as the first shot shows him grabbing the helmet, and the next shot is a close up of him grabbing the helmet. We also see an eyeline match as the camera cuts from close ups of face to face.

This scene is followed by a conversation between the protagonist and his friend. Lots of continuity techniques are applied here. The eyeline match is perfectly demonstrated, for example at (3:21), we see Jake Tyler looking up at his friend and their eyelines are matched perfectly. The 180 degree rule is well applied as the camera never crosses the 'invisible line' and it always stays on the same side, so we never see one perspective which could confuse the audience. Shot/reverse/shot is used perfectly in this conversation. The scene begins with a master shot of the dressing room, it then moves straight into the conversation and cuts from actor to actor.

We see an establishing shot of the house in the next scene, so that shot order is applied as the audience should have a sense of where the scene is taking part. Lots of eyeline matches are used, between Jake's younger brother, himself and his mother. The 180 degree rules is used again, as we never see the wall opposite the kitchen.

Shot order is used in the next scene, as there isn't a huge jump between shots; there is a cut between a Long Shot to a Mid Shot/ Mid Close Up. The shots also stay quite constant (most are mid shots), hence not making the scene too confusing. Match on action is used at (5:42), when Jake Tyler reaches for the box we see him move his arm towards the box and in the next shot we see him put the clothes back into the box.

The 30 degree rule is effectively used when the protagonist and his brother speak from behind the van. The camera angle stays constant as it flicks between each speaker.

In conclusion, this clip is an example of all the features of continuity. Shot order is maintained effectively, and the sequence consistently makes sense from shots, e.g. the zoom into shots at Florida is used well. The 180 degree rule is also maintained, therefore the viewer can always comprehend, and stay focused on the film.

Applying Todorov's theory of equilibrium and Levi-Strauss' theory of binary opposites

Todorov: Theory of Equilibrium



The Protagonist(Jean Claude Van-Damme): Frank Dux - Kickboxer who looks to compete in the Kumite for his sensei. He is not revealed until very late in the opening sequence, after all other main characters are introduced.

The Antagonist: Chong Li - Kung Fu fighter who is the first character introduced, emphasising his high status, and we believe that he could be the protagonist at first, but his portrayal is somewhat different, as he is illustrated for a short period, and he seems already prepared.

The equilibrium is the fact that all is well and balanced at first, evil emerges as Chong Li becomes jealous of Jean Claude Van Damme's abilities. We realise that the main characters are likely to be put up against each other later on in the film, but it is peaceful(as it should be) at first. The film begins with an establishing shot, making the audience clear of the surroundings and the plot of the film. Each main character is shown in predominately a Long Shot/ Mid Shot, however Chong Li is featured for longer, and Ray Jackson also has Medium Close Ups and a more variety of shots in his introduction. The traditional Kimono's used by a few fighters are an example of cultural code and are used to allow the viewer to predict this particular person's martial art. The lighting is used to illustrate the time of day in which training takes place, e.g. one fighter trains at night with lit torches helping him see and another fighter trains at mid-day, where natural lighting is used.

The disruption is very vaguely hinted at in the opening sequence. Ray Jackson(bearded man) looks to be the bad guy, but he is used as a false villain, because the real villain is Chong Li who has a rather evil look on his face, so this is the only hint to a disruption. Frank Dux's escape from the government also hints that something bad is happening/about to happen.

The introduction to the Kumite/dojo is a clue that a MMA tournament is being prepared, this is a major clue and outlines the rest of the film to the viewer. Chong Li is also told that 'tomorrow, you will fight in the Kumite'.

The equilibrium is restored by the villain/antagonist, Chong Li, being defeated by Frank Dux at the end of the film. The new equilibrium is the fact that Frank Dux has won the Kumite and brought greatness to his sensei.

Levi-Strauss: Theory of Binary Opposites

Never Back Down (Film)
'Never Back Down' is an MMA/Action film. The American Football opening hints at this as we see a fight spruce between the main actor and a leader of the opposing team. The MMA genre becomes clearer as we reach 07:50 in the clip; it shows a brutal undercover fight training event, in which the main actor protects one school member from being injured as he is being destroyed at this point in the fight. When the protagonist lands a vicious punch on one of the fighters, it is fairly clear that he will become a fighter or that fighting will play a key role in the film.

There are only two opposing forces in this film, and although the opening American Football scene makes the viewer feel that the villain will be the fighter in a black jersey, it is in fact the suspicious looking guy who handles the situation when the main actor stops the undercover fight. The film revolves around the protagonist; a misunderstood potential fighter facing problems, particularly with his mother, he is constantly abused by the antagonist ('villain') who is a great MMA fighter and proves too strong against the protagonist at first.

The main themes/binary opposites are:

Dark vs. Light: This is a very grim scene and has dark lighting, whereas casual scenes are much brighter.

Black vs. White: The protagonist is in white, whereas his opponents are in black.

Relaxed vs. Stressed: The main actor shows a relaxed approach to his fight, while his mother seems very angry and stressed about the incident.

Young vs. Old: The film revolves around young people, but old people are shown to be wise and persistent towards the young's incidents, e.g. the protagonist's teacher is very interested in making sure that the main actor is focused.

Success vs. Failiure: The successful are always rewarded/liked in this film and this is a key theme. For example the main actor's younger brother is much more successful in school/sport and whenever the protagonist does something spectacular the whole school loves him.

Male vs. Female: In this film the men are portrayed as very macho and fairly laid-back, whereas the women are often worried and unsure about things, e.g. later on in the film the main actor's girlfriend is worried about that he is going to do, while he is just chilled and ready for anything, when we know that he is very scared inside.

Conflict is mainly presented using the binary opposites mentioned above. Colour and attitude are particularly used to show conflict and the embarrasment of the protagonist protecting the fighter and his intervention adds to the conflict between the main characters.

Principles of Continuity

Why is continuity so important?

Continuity is very important as viewers often notice minute details which can impact their opinion of a scene dramatically. Films need to make sense and be realistic, e.g. it would be stupid to break the 180 degree rule as it would pointlessly confuse the audience. Directors need to make a shooting schedule as weather can change easily and hair is hard to keep the same. For example, a director should film all outdoor scenes in one day as the weather can change.

Rules for continuity editing

Shot order: You should help your audience make sense of your film by moving them smoothly across a physical space using a shot order, e.g. mid shot to close up and not long shot to extreme close up.

180 degree rule: You must not cross the 'line of vision' between two characters as it can easily confuse the viewer. For example, one actor might be walking from left to right on one side of an invisible line, and then the camera crosses the 'line of vision' and the other actor appears to also be walking from left to right so instead of walking towards each other, they seem to be moving in the same direction.

30 degree rule: You should not change the camera angle by less than 30 degrees, as there could appear to be a visible jump in the footage.

Eyeline match: You need to ensure that the characters gaze in the same direction during footage, so if one character is taller than the other the shorter one should be looking upwards and the taller one looking down.

Match on action: The action should link and be smooth so it shouldn't appear to be repeated.

Shot/reverse/shot: When cutting back and forth between wo people in a conversation you should do the following:

• Begin with a Master Shot showing both characters
• Film it again with the camera in close up on one character
• Film it again with the camera in close up to the other character
• Film individual big close ups when you need to show strong emotion
• Other shots can also be included if you need them, e.g. mid shots.